- UNIT-I
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![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
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![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
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![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
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![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
Architecture of the Internet
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
Extranet products & services
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
Electronic Payments & Protocols
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrQKRNMfj151rbZ-EifRWWI_vVBfdkwxf0dHFS5lFVDT3_-k8tb-kSKUHhumfzmnXU1nvlkG9Zp8_2qHeOE7hDM-DTSuyaNamTZ4yJYogDqZS_vESYg2ewYMORJqWfnK2DOIKJ2ajzWvef/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg)
Managerial Issues
Procurement Management Using the Buyer’s Internal Marketplace
– Conduct bidding or tendering (a reverse auction) in a system in which suppliers compete against
each other
– Buy directly from manufacturers, wholesalers, or retailers from their catalogs and possibly by
negotiation
– Buy from the catalog of an intermediary (e-distributor) that aggregates sellers’ catalogs
– Buy from an internal buyer’s catalog, in which company-approved vendors’ catalogs, including
agreed-upon prices are aggregated
– Buy at private or public auction sites in which the organization participates as one of the buyers
– Join a group-purchasing system that aggregates participants’ demand, creating a large volume
– Buy at an exchange or industrial mall
– Collaborate with suppliers to share information about sales and inventory, so as to reduce
inventory and stock-outs and enhance just-in-time delivery
each other
– Buy directly from manufacturers, wholesalers, or retailers from their catalogs and possibly by
negotiation
– Buy from the catalog of an intermediary (e-distributor) that aggregates sellers’ catalogs
– Buy from an internal buyer’s catalog, in which company-approved vendors’ catalogs, including
agreed-upon prices are aggregated
– Buy at private or public auction sites in which the organization participates as one of the buyers
– Join a group-purchasing system that aggregates participants’ demand, creating a large volume
– Buy at an exchange or industrial mall
– Collaborate with suppliers to share information about sales and inventory, so as to reduce
inventory and stock-outs and enhance just-in-time delivery
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